Modality一覧

modalityのまとめ。

(※《 》は対応するLJの対応表現 (短縮形)。)

青-助動詞系、緑- be+形容詞/過去分詞/現在分詞系、橙-動詞系
(この区別は、時制 (過去形) や否定 (not) の扱いの違いを識別する際に、活きてくる。)

◾️可能(性) (C)👍 (1+1+1)【C+A+G】

• ❶ can (could)【可】〜できる(できた)《-d (-dt)》 /〜(する)かもしれない《-(s)ks》
  ❶' can't (couldn't)【可否】〜できない《-dn (-dnt)》 /〜(する)はずがない/わけがない《-(s)hz/wn》
  • ❶-1. be (am/is/are - was/were) able to【在可至】〜できる《-d (-dt)》
    ❶-1'. be (am/is/are - was/were) not able to【在否可至】〜できない《-dn (-dnt)》
  • ❶-2. get to【得至】〜できるようになる《-dyn》

---

◾️許可/許容 (MA)👌 (1+1)【M+A】

• ❷ may (might)【許】〜していい《-si》/〜(する)かもしれない《-(s)ks》
  • ❷-1. be (am/is/are - was/were) allowed to【在許至】〜していい《-si》
    ❷-1'. be (am/is/are - was/were) not allowed to【在否許至】〜してはならない《-stn*!》

---

◾️適切/妥当 (S)👉 (1+2)【S+O+B】

• ❸ should【適】〜すべき《-sbk》
  ❸' shouldn't【適否】〜すべきでない《-sbkn》
  • ❸-1. ought to【負至】〜すべき《-sbk》
    ❸-1'. ought not to【負否至】〜すべきでない《-sbkn》
  • ❸-2. had better【持良】〜した方がいい《-shi》
    ❸-2'. had better not【持良否】〜しない方がいい《-snhi》

---

◾️意志/予定/未来 (W)✊ (1+1+4//1+1+2//1)【W+G+SSPA//W+WL+HW//U】

• ❹ will (would)【意】〜する《-s》/〜(する)だろう《-(s)dl》
  ❹' won't (wouldn't)【意否】〜しない《-sn》/〜(し/じゃ)ないだろう《-(s/j)ndl》
  • ❹-1-1. be (am/is/are) going to [gonna]【在行至】〜する《-s》
    ❹-1-1'. be (am/is/are) not going to [gonna]【在否行至】〜しない《-sn》
    • ❹-1-2. be (am/is/are) set to【在置至】〜する(ことになっている)《-s(knl)》
    • ❹-1-3. be (am/is/are) scheduled to【在予至】〜する(ことになっている)《-s(knl)》
    • ❹-1-4. plan (planed) to【予至】〜する《-s》
    • ❹-1-5. be (am/is/are) supposed to【在想至】〜する(ことになっている)《-s(knl)》
    • ❹-1-6. be (am/is/are) about to【在近至】〜しようとする《-sys》
  • ❹-2-1. want (wanted) to [wanna]【欲至】〜したい《-sti*》
    ❹-2-1'. don't (didn't) want to [wanna]【為否欲至】〜したくない《-stkn(t)》
    • ❹-2-2. (woul)d like to【意好至】〜したい《-sti*》
      ❹-2-2'. wouldn't like to【意否好至】〜したくない《-stkn》
    • ❹-2-3. (woul)d love to【意愛至】〜したい《-sti*》
    • ❹-2-4. hope to【望至】〜して欲しい《-sh》
    • ❹-2-5. wish to【願至】〜して欲しい《-sh》
  • ❹-3. used to [usta]【使至】〜してた《-stt》
    ❹-3'. didn't use to【為否使至】〜してなかった《-stnt》

---

◾️義務 (MU)🫵✋ (1+1+1+1)【M+H+G+N】

• ❺ must【義】〜しなくてはならない《-snn》
  ❺' mustn't【義否】〜してはならない《-stn*!》
  • ❺-1-1. have (had) to [hafta]【持至】〜しなくてはならない《-snn》
    ❺-1-1'. don't (didn't) have to【為否持至】〜する必要は無い《-shn》
    • ❺-1-2. (have) got to [gotta]【(持)得至】〜しなくてはならない《-snn》
      (❺-1-2'. haven't got to [gotta]【持否得至】〜する必要は無い《-shn》)
  • ❺-2. need to【要至】〜する必要がある《-sha》
    ❺-2'. don't (didn't) need to【為否要至】〜する必要は無い《-shn》

---

まとめ

		過去	現在	未来
可能 (できる) ∧	肯定	(S could) S (was/were) able to	S can (S (am/is/are) able to)	(S can) S will be able to
	否定	(S couldn't) S (wasn't/weren't) able to	S can't	S won't be able to
	疑問	(Could S ?) (Was/Were) S able to ?	Can S ?	Will S be able to ?
可能性 (ありうる /かも)	肯定	S might have	S may/might/could Maybe S	(S may/might) Maybe S will
	[婉曲否] 否定 [不可能]	S might not have	S may/might not Maybe S not	(S may/might not) Maybe S won't
		S can't have	S can't There’s no way S	(S can't) There’s no way S will
	疑問	Could S have ?	Could S ? Do you think S might ?	(Could S ?) (Do you think S might ?)
許可・許容 (していい)	肯定	(S could) S (was/were) allowed to It was okay (for S) to	S can/may S (am/is/are) allowed to It’s okay (for S) to	(S can) S will be allowed to It'll be okay (for S) to
	否定 [不許可]	(S couldn't) S (was/were) not allowed to	S can't/mustn't S (am/is/are) not allowed to	(S can't/mustn't) S won't be allowed to
	疑問	(Could S ?) (Was/Were) S allowed to ? Was it okay (for S) to ?	Can/May S ? (Am/Is/Are) S allowed to ? Is it okay (for S) to ?	(Can S ?) Will S be allowed to ? Will it be okay (for S) to ?
適切・妥当 (すべき)	肯定	S should have	S should	(S should)
	否定	S shouldn't have	S shouldn't	(S shouldn't)
	疑問	Should S have ?	Should S ?	(Should S ?)
意志・未来 (する)	肯定	(S would) S (was/were) going to [gonna]		S will S (am/is/are) going to [gonna]
	否定	(S wouldn't) S (was/were) not going to [gonna]		S won't S (am/is/are) not going to [gonna]
	疑問	(Would S ?) (Was/Were) S going to [gonna] ?		Will S ? (Am/Is/Are) S going to [gonna] ?
推定 (だろう)	肯定	(S would have) S (be) probably (v) I think/guess S	S will/would S (be) probably (v) I think/guess S	S will S (am/is/are) going to [gonna] (↑+ I think/guess or probably)
	否定	(S wouldn't have) S probably (be/did) not (v) I don't think S	S probably (be/do) not (v) I don't think S	S won't S (am/is/are) not going to [gonna] (↑+ probably) (or I don't think 〜)
確信 (はずだ/ ちがいない)	肯定	S should/must have	S should/must	(S should/must)
	否定	S shouldn't/mustn't have	S shouldn't/mustn't	(S shouldn't/mustn't)
義務 (しなくちゃ)	肯定	S had to S needed to	S must S have to [hafta] (S got to [gotta]) S need to	S will have to [hafta] S will need to
	[不必要] 否定 [禁止]	S didn't have to [hafta] S didn't need to	S do(es)n't have to [hafta] S do(es)n't need to	S won't have to [hafta] S won't need to
		(S couldn't) S (was/were) not allowed to	S can't/mustn't S (am/is/are) not allowed to	(S can't/mustn't) S won't be allowed to
	疑問	Did S have to [hafta] ? Did S need to ?	Do(es) S have to [hafta] ? Do(es) S need to ?	Will S have to [hafta] ? Will S need to ?